Ad Hoc Studies

Rifts between Gazan civilians and the Hamas leadership, and increasing public criticism of the organization

Between November 23 and December 1, 2023, there was a temporary ceasefire between Israel and Hamas in the Gaza Strip, achieved through Qatari and Egyptian mediation. .It was the first time the Gazan civilians were exposed to the extent of the destruction and the enormous damage caused to homes and infrastructure. The resumption of fighting at the end of the temporary ceasefire, the expansion of IDF activity to the Khan Yunis area in the southern Gaza Strip, the high number of casualties and the renewed constraints compelling the residents, some of whom came from the northern Gaza Strip, to move from the Khan Yunis area to Rafah, increased criticism of Hamas. The civilians criticized Hamas and its leadership for exploiting the residents of the Gaza Strip and accusing the organization of destroying the Gaza Strip, destroying their lives and stealing the humanitarian aid which was delivered through the Rafah Crossing and meant for the local civilian residents.
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Hamas Exploitation of Hospitals for Military-Terrorist Purposes Shifa Hospital as a test case

Shifa Hospital is a government hospital which belongs to the Hamas-controlled ministry of health in the Gaza Strip. From the beginning of Operation Iron Swords, the hospital admitted the largest number of casualties of all the hospitals in the Gaza Strip. It received shipments of equipment and medical aid from the International Red Cross which included medical equipment for its operating and emergency rooms. As revealed by the IDF spokesperson, in addition to functioning as a medical institution, the hospital was clearly exploited by Hamas' military-terrorist wing. The IDF forces entered the hospital and exposed its underground levels, which had tunnels, headquarters, control rooms and stockpiles of weapons. The evidence clearly proves that the hospital was used for extensive terrorist activity, exploiting the fact that IDF forces would not attack a civilian medical facility. Revealing that the hospital was exploited for military-terrorist purposes became a symbol of Hamas's cynical use of the population and civilian facilities for its terrorist needs, including the use of medical facilities. It was not the first time the terrorist organizations in the Gaza Strip, especially Hamas, had been exposed as exploiting hospitals and other medical facilities for military-terrorist purposed. They knew the IDF would not attack hospitals, which provided their military-terrorist facilities with a kind of immunity. For the same reason, they exploit ambulances and vehicles belonging to humanitarian organizations for the transport of terrorist operatives and weapons from place to place. Exploiting civilian facilities for military-terrorist purposes is a Hamas modus operandi, and to that end, they prepared a web of tunnels and stockpiles of weapons inside the hospitals in advance.
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Islamic Resistance in Iraq attacks on American and Israeli targets since the beginning of Operation Iron Swords

On October 17, 2023, ten days after the start of Operation Iron Swords in the Gaza Strip, an organization called the Islamic Resistance in Iraq (IRI) began publishing claims of responsibility for attacking United States military bases in Iraq and Syria. The announcement of a temporary ceasefire in the Gaza Strip, which began on November 24, 2023 to free the hostages and deliver humanitarian aid to the Gaza Strip, led to a dramatic decrease in the organization's activity. The IRI is actually an umbrella organization uniting several pro-Iranian Shi'ite militias in Iraq, operating under the direction of the Quds Force of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC). The generic name "Islamic Resistance in Iraq," without the names of commanders or operatives and without publishing a logo, is used to blur the organization's identity and its direct connection to Iran. The IRI's use of the Saberin News Telegram channel, which is used by the pro-Iranian militias in Iraq, and the Telegram channel of its military information unit, to issue claims of responsibility, as well as the nature of its operational activity, indicates the close connection between the militias.
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Reactions to the end of the temporary ceasefire and the resumption of the fighting in the Gaza Strip

On December 1, 2023, the temporary ceasefire in the Gaza Strip ended. It began on November 24, 2023 at 7 a.m. and its objective was the release of hostages and their return to Israel. It ended after it was violated by Hamas. Senior Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) terrorists blamed Israel for ending it and also blamed the United States for the events in the Gaza Strip because of its unreserved support for Israel. Senior Hamas and PIJ terrorists also warned that the next phase of the hostage exchange deal would be longer and more "complex," because it would include a demand for the release of security prisoners with blood on their hands and the price Israel would pay for men and soldiers would be different from that of women and children. Hamas and PIJ senior terrorists stated that they were prepared for the continuation of the fighting and all possible scenarios. They also claimed they were completely confident that they would defeat Israel. Saleh al-'Arouri, senior Hamas terrorist, said that there would be no more negotiations for a ceasefire and Hamas' final position was that there would be no deals for the release of hostages before the end of the war.
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Iranian efforts to blur the Shi’ite-Sunni rift over the war in Gaza

Since the outbreak of the war in Gaza, there has been considerable effort by the Islamic Republic of Iran to blur the Sunni-Shi’ite rift, which it sees as liable to undermine its efforts to enlist the support of Muslim and Arab public opinion in the campaign against Israel and to arouse opposition from both Sunnis and Shi’ites to its support for the Palestinians, especially Hamas. Statements and commentaries by Iranian officials include two main messages: emphasizing the need for Islamic unity between Shi’ites and Sunnis in the struggle against Israel and presenting the Palestinians as closer to Shi’a despite their Sunni Islamic affiliation.The call for Muslim unity, especially against the enemies of Islam, reflects the official policy of the Islamic Republic since its establishment in 1979. Against the backdrop of the 2011 regional upheaval, which deepened the Sunni-Shi’ite rift in the Arab world, senior Iranian officials, headed by Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, have stressed that the Islamic Republic advocates Islamic solidarity and is committed to supporting both Shi’ites and Sunnis regardless of their sectarian affiliation. Since the outbreak of the war in Gaza, Iranian officials have stressed that increasing unity between Shi’ites and Sunnis will strengthen the Muslim world in the campaign against Israel.
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In the streets and social networks: the organizations that support Hamas and lead the anti-Israel demonstrations in the United States

Since the beginning of Operation Iron Swords on October 7, 2023, pro-Palestinian demonstrations and rallies have been held throughout the United States on the streets of major cities, on the campuses of academic institutions and in public venues. The demonstrations are organized by groups which for years have been identified as pro-Palestinian, anti-Semitic, opposed to Zionism and participants in the participate in campaigns of The BDS Movement against the State of Israel. The groups behind the protests expressed unashamed support for Hamas' October 7 invasion and terrorist rampage and defined it as "legitimate resistance." That was regardless of the fact that Hamas has been designated as a foreign terrorist organization by the American government and prison sentences can be imposed for providing material assistance or resources, and economic sanctions can be imposed on those who maintain financial relations with Hamas.
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